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Jan Steen
Merry Company on a Terrace
Ca. 1670
Metropolitan Museum of Art

Attributed to the Master of the Martyrdom of St. Sebastian
Hercules and Achelous
Approx. mid-17th century
Metropolitan Museum of Art

Jean Cornu
Venus Giving Arms to Aeneas
1704
Metropolitan Museum of Art

Domenichino
The Lamentation
1603
Metropolitan Museum of Art

Adriaen Brouwer
The Smokers
Ca. 1636
Metropolitan Museum of Art

Something that is noteworthy within all the artworks above is the exaggerations of the postures and facials expressions of the subjects used to covey drama and strong emotions within the viewer. The way the subjects are “moving” in the works makes for well-intended illustration of theatrical drama. In addition, the use of the contrast of light and dark color brings attention to the certain parts or characters. These key components are most prominent in the chosen artworks as well as the majority of Baroque art.

Gherkin uses a set of special keywords to give structure and meaning toexecutable specifications. Each keyword is translated to many spoken languages;in this reference we’ll use English.

Most lines in a Gherkin document start with one of the keywords.

Comments are only permitted at the start of a new line, anywhere in the feature file. They begin with zero or more spaces,followed by a hash sign (#) and some text.

Block comments are currently not supported by Gherkin.

Either spaces or tabs may be used for indentation. The recommended indentationlevel is two spaces. Here is an example:

The trailing portion (after the keyword) of each step is matched toa code block, called a step definition.

Each line that isn’t a blank line has to start with a Gherkin keyword, followed by any text you like. The only exceptions are the feature and scenario descriptions.

The primary keywords are:

• Rule (as of Gherkin 6)
• Example (or Scenario)
• Given, When, Then, And, But for steps (or *)
• Scenario Outline (or Scenario Template)
• Examples (or Scenarios)

There are a few secondary keywords as well:

• '' (Doc Strings)
• (Data Tables)
• @ (Tags)
• # (Comments)

Feature

The purpose of the Feature keyword is to provide a high-level descriptionof a software feature, and to group related scenarios.

The first primary keyword in a Gherkin document must always be Feature, followedby a : and a short text that describes the feature.

You can add free-form text underneath Feature to add more description.

These description lines are ignored by Cucumber at runtime, but are available for reporting (they are included by reporting tools like the official HTML formatter).

The name and the optional description have no special meaning to Cucumber. Their purpose is to providea place for you to document important aspects of the feature, such as a brief explanationand a list of business rules (general acceptance criteria).

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The free format description for Feature ends when you start a line with the keyword Background, Rule, Example or Scenario Outline (or their alias keywords).

You can place tags above Feature to group related features,independent of your file and directory structure.

Descriptions

Free-form descriptions (as described above for Feature) can also be placed underneathExample/Scenario, Background, Scenario Outline and Rule.

You can write anything you like, as long as no line starts with a keyword.

Descriptions can be in the form of Markdown - formatters including the official HTML formatter support this.

Rule

The (optional) Rule keyword has been part of Gherkin since v6.

The purpose of the Rule keyword is to represent one business rule that should be implemented.It provides additional information for a feature.A Rule is used to group together several scenariosthat belong to this business rule. A Rule should contain one or more scenarios that illustrate the particular rule.

For example:

Example

This is a concrete example that illustrates a business rule. It consists ofa list of steps.

The keyword Scenario is a synonym of the keyword Example.

You can have as many steps as you like, but we recommend 3-5 steps per example. Having too many steps will cause the example to lose its expressive power as a specification and documentation.

In addition to being a specification and documentation, an example is also a test. As a whole, your examples are anexecutable specification of the system.

Examples follow this same pattern:

• Describe an initial context (Given steps)
• Describe an event (When steps)
• Describe an expected outcome (Then steps)

Steps

Each step starts with Given, When, Then, And, or But.

Cucumber executes each step in a scenario one at a time, in the sequence you’ve written them in.When Cucumber tries to execute a step, it looks for a matching step definition to execute.

Keywords are not taken into account when looking for a step definition. This means you cannot have aGiven, When, Then, And or But step with the same text as another step.

Cucumber considers the following steps duplicates:

This might seem like a limitation, but it forces you to come up with a less ambiguous, more cleardomain language:

Given

Given steps are used to describe the initial context of the system - the scene of the scenario.It is typically something that happened in the past.

When Cucumber executes a Given step, it will configure the system to be in a well-defined state,such as creating and configuring objects or adding data to a test database.

The purpose of Given steps is to put the system in a known state before the user (or external system) starts interacting with the system (in the When steps).Avoid talking about user interaction in Given’s. If you were creating use cases, Given’s would be your preconditions.

It’s okay to have several Given steps (use And or But for number 2 and upwards to make it more readable).

Examples:

• Mickey and Minnie have started a game
• I am logged in
• Joe has a balance of £42

When

When steps are used to describe an event, or an action. This can be a person interacting with the system, or it can be an event triggered by another system.

It’s strongly recommended you only have a single When step per Scenario. If you feel compelled to add more, it’s usually a sign that you should split the scenario up into multiple scenarios.

Examples:

• Guess a word
• Invite a friend
• Withdraw money

Then

Then steps are used to describe an expected outcome, or result.

The step definition of a Then step should use an assertion tocompare the actual outcome (what the system actually does) to the expected outcome(what the step says the system is supposed to do).

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An outcome should be on an observable output. That is, something that comes out of the system (report, user interface, message), and not a behaviour deeply buried inside the system (like a record in a database).

Examples:

• See that the guessed word was wrong
• Receive an invitation
• Card should be swallowed

While it might be tempting to implement Then steps to look in the database - resist that temptation!

You should only verify an outcome that is observable for the user (or external system), and changes to a database are usually not.

And, But

If you have successive Given’s, When’s, or Then’s, you could write:

Or, you could make the example more fluidly structured by replacing the successive Given’s, When’s, or Then’s with And’s and But’s:

*

Gherkin also supports using an asterisk (*) in place of any of the normal step keywords. This can be helpful when you have some steps that are effectively a list of things, so you can express it more like bullet points where otherwise the natural language of And etc might not read so elegantly.

For example:

Could be expressed as:

Background

Occasionally you’ll find yourself repeating the same Given steps in all of the scenarios in a Feature.

Since it is repeated in every scenario, this is an indication that those stepsare not essential to describe the scenarios; they are incidental details. You can literally move such Given steps to the background, by grouping them under a Background section.

A Background allows you to add some context to the scenarios that follow it. It can contain one or more Given steps, which are run before each scenario, but after any Before hooks.

A Background is placed before the first Scenario/Example, at the same level of indentation.

For example:

Background is also supported at the Rule level, for example:

You can only have one set of Background steps per Feature or Rule. If you need different Background steps for different scenarios, consider breaking up your set of scenarios into more Rules or more Features.

For a less explicit alternative to Background, check out conditional hooks.

Tips for using Background

• Don’t use Background to set up complicated states, unless that state is actually something the client needs to know.
  • For example, if the user and site names don’t matter to the client, use a higher-level step such asGiven I am logged in as a site owner.
• Keep your Background section short.
  • The client needs to actually remember this stuff when reading the scenarios. If the Background is more than 4 lines long, consider moving some of the irrelevant details into higher-level steps.
• Make your Background section vivid.
  • Use colourful names, and try to tell a story. The human brain keeps track of stories much better than it keeps track of names like 'User A', 'User B', 'Site 1', and so on.
• Keep your scenarios short, and don’t have too many.
  • If the Background section has scrolled off the screen, the reader no longer has a full overview of what’s happening.Think about using higher-level steps, or splitting the *.feature file.

Scenario Outline

The Scenario Outline keyword can be used to run the same Scenario multiple times,with different combinations of values.

The keyword Scenario Template is a synonym of the keyword Scenario Outline.

Copying and pasting scenarios to use different values quickly becomes tedious and repetitive:

We can collapse these two similar scenarios into a Scenario Outline.

Scenario outlines allow us to more concisely express these scenarios through the useof a template with < >-delimited parameters:

Examples

A Scenario Outline must contain an Examples (or Scenarios) section. Its steps are interpreted as a templatewhich is never directly run. Instead, the Scenario Outline is run once for each row inthe Examples section beneath it (not counting the first header row).

The steps can use <> delimited parameters that reference headers in the examples table.Cucumber will replace these parameters with values from the table before it triesto match the step against a step definition.

You can also use parameters in multiline step arguments.

In some cases you might want to pass more data to a step than fits on a single line.For this purpose Gherkin has Doc Strings and Data Tables.

Doc Strings

Doc Strings are handy for passing a larger piece of text to a step definition.

The text should be offset by delimiters consisting of three double-quote marks on lines of their own:

In your step definition, there’s no need to find this text and match it in your pattern.It will automatically be passed as the last argument in the step definition.

Indentation of the opening '' is unimportant, although common practice is two spaces in from the enclosing step.The indentation inside the triple quotes, however, is significant. Each line of the Doc String will be dedented according to the opening ''. Indentation beyond the column of the opening '' will therefore be preserved.

Doc strings also support using three backticks as the delimiter:

This might be familiar for those used to writing with Markdown.

Data Tables

Data Tables are handy for passing a list of values to a step definition:

Just like Doc Strings, Data Tables will be passed to the step definition as the last argument.

Cucumber provides a rich API for manipulating tables from within step definitions.See the Data Table API reference reference formore details.

The language you choose for Gherkin should be the same language your users anddomain experts use when they talk about the domain. Translating betweentwo languages should be avoided.

This is why Gherkin has been translated to over 70 languages .

Here is a Gherkin scenario written in Norwegian:

A # language: header on the first line of a feature file tells Cucumber whatspoken language to use - for example # language: fr for French.If you omit this header, Cucumber will default to English (en).

Some Cucumber implementations also let you set the default language in theconfiguration, so you don’t need to place the # language header in every file.